The first step in figuring out how the human mind arose is determining what distinguishes our mental processes from those of other creatures. Not too long ago three aliens descended to Earth to evaluate the status of intelligent life. One specialized in engineering, one in chemistry and one in computation. Turning to his colleagues, the [...]

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As cosmologists try to go even further to understand the beginning of the universe itself, our ideas become less fi rm. Einstein’s general theory of relativity has provided the theoretical foundation for a century of progress in our understanding of the evolution of the universe. Yet it is inconsistent with the other pillar of contemporary [...]

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